Joseph Smith, Brigham Young and the Origins of Mormonism Research Paper

Joseph Smith, Brigham Young and the Origins of Mormonism - Research Paper Example Currently, the religious group of Mormons has expanded to a greater extent and known as the Church of the Jesus Christ of the Latter- day Saints with its thirteen million members. Out of these thirteen million members of this group, more than half are outside the US territory. Beside the group the Latter- day Saints, another smaller group which is known as Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- Day Saints (RLDS) has membership of 250,000 members in more than fifty countries. The headquarter of the Church of the Jesus Christ of the Latter- day Saints is situated in the Salt Lake City and directing a worldwide movement- a strong missionary force composing of fifty thousand members both male and female. The Mormons use to wear their special conservative dresses and can be identified easily. Although Mormonism supports the original traditions of Christianity and works out for the restoration of ancient Christian’s faith, it also holds a wide range of distinctive practices a nd doctrines. Beside its faith on various practices and doctrines, Mormons have also strong beliefs on holy writ and holy books. As far as the origin of Mormonism is concerned, there are several links and set of various associations and stories related to the originator of Mormonism- Joseph Smith. The most widely distributed concept about Smith is that he maintained a claim that the angels directed him towards gold plates. He translated the scripture of these gold plates as the religious Book of the Mormons. Later on in 1840s, Smith instituted the concept of polygamy among his devotees and finally, in 1844- at a very young age, Smith was murdered by a non- Mormon enemy. Brigham Young was the successor of Smith and led Mormonism after the death of Joseph Smith. Currently, the efforts of Brigham Young have proved to develop a strong hierarchical system controlling the church from top to bottom. The followers of Joseph Smith’s faith are known as Mormons and their faith is called Mormonism. In the beginning, the term Mormons was considered negative and uncomplimentary. Later on, it was not like that; however, Mormons most often prefer to be known as Later- Day Saints (LDS) (Russell Ballard, 2). The Mormons as well as the Latter Day Saints, both, share a common set of ideas. These generally include the ultimate belief in Bible and religious scripture like the Doctrine and Covenants and Book of Mormons. The teachings of eternal progression and marriage and polygamy were ultimate parts of their religious teachings. However, in the late 19th century, Latter Day Saints have abandoned the practices of plural marriages in Mormonism. Some other variations of Mormons include the cultural Mormonism and fundamentalism in Mormons. Cultural Mormons are more concerned about their cultural and traditional traits than theology. On the other hand, fundamentalists in Mormons still practice the concept of polygamy that was initially the concept in Mormonism and later on disco ntinued by the Latter Day Saints. Beginnings Joseph Smith born in 1814, resided with his family members in Windsor. This is the only authentic trace about Smith’s family. Smith always cradled on Green mountains and roam freely to explore the narrow gullies and deep ravines. He always love to explore the snow covered mountains and broad lands. He spent the younger years of his life with curiosity- in search of the soul of the world (Belisle & Joseph Smith, 17- 18). This is known as historical faith of Smith where he explored the facts of

Muslim Women In Today’s World Essay Example for Free

Muslim Women In Today’s World Essay It is true that Muslim women are now discovering freedom from their old traditions and today the veil, as it is often called by the Western population has adopted many meanings for the Muslim woman. Some Muslims think of the veil as a symbol of modesty, while others place a huge emphasis on the hijab as a religious statement by Muslims. Many Americans pull back from the image of the way Muslims dress and think of it as a sign of terrorism and aggression which targets people who aren‘t Muslims, while some feminists, who are mainly American, while many Muslims, view the hijab with other signs of significance, which is the oppression and control of Muslim women. Ideas about Muslim women have been born by television programs that display women in Afghanistan, who are shrouded in a burqa, while being beaten because they are showing an ankle or a portion of their skin. Many Muslim men also are expected to dress in a modest style, wearing a turban, and other flowing garments. The way women Muslims dress is seen as sign of the larger restrictions they have to abide by in many under Muslim countries. About 10 % of the Muslim women population wears the veil or hijab. We realize that these amounts may be increasing while more people change to the Islamic religion. Its not for certain how many Muslim women wear the hijab out of the 10,000 Muslim women. Almost every Muslim woman who is asked, say that wearing the hijab was a decision they reached on their own. The Quran which is the Muslim holy book doesnt mandate that all Muslim women wear coverings on their heads. We learn from the Quran 4:124 that, â€Å"Misinformation and misconception about Muslim women proliferate in the world today among non-Muslims and Muslims. I hope that instead of falling into the typical stereotypes and cultural innovation, the information here will pique your interest and help you to understand the true stance Islam takes on gender issues and the role of women. † The topics concerning of women Muslim in Islam is extremely controversial. Various offerings and opinions about women Muslims must be should dealt with using caution due of the alternate opinions. We realize that the rights of Muslim women in the Quran and by the prophet Muhammad have made vast improvements when you compare the laws pertaining to women who live in Arabia before the change of Islam which was only after the death of the Prophet, while the rules directed at the women in Islam started to decrease, then turn back to the pre-Islamic ways. While the womens movement of the West started to increase in strength, during the twentieth century we know that the exact event took place, in the lives of the Muslims. Feminists who fight for the rights of women in the Muslim world during the twentieth century, up until around the 1980’s, usually were women with money. These modern day Muslim women used their feminism that was molded after the feminists who were from the West. The modern Muslims world that was brought on prior to the colonial period which was in the twentieth century began to turn from the Western models that were evident in society. The feminism that was apparent in the Muslim world started adopt Islamic styles that mocked the Western feminist ideas. This pertains not only to Muslim women. It pertains to all women throughout the whole portion of the third world. After removing the restraints that were present during the colonial imperialism, Muslim females living in the third world are growing rapidly, resistant against the cultural imperialism sold by Westerners. Women who live in the third world are finally coming to the conclusion that even though they have many ideas that are similar, because of the hard fight of Euro-American feminists, we realize that what is best for Euro-American women isn’t, of course, going to be the best solution for Muslim women. Muslim women have lately started to develop a Islamic feminism that was molded from the growing concerns of the higher classed Euro American females. The variances between Western feminism and Islamic feminism deals with the topic of the veil. The veil is a scarf or head covering that is usually worn by female Muslims. Many people view this veil as oppressive to women; a sign of a female Muslims obedience. It is often a surprise to Western feminists when they see that the hijab has started to become common throughout the Muslim world. You can see the veil worn by college women who display the veil as an important symbol of their Islamic identity. We learn from Islamic scholar, Dr. Zeenat Ali, that, (Zeenat, 2007) â€Å"The Mission of The New Muslim Woman is to help new Muslim women from all around the world in gaining knowledge about different issues in Islam from learning how to pray to the roles women have In Islam. We also learn that â€Å"The Mission of The New Muslim Woman is to help new Muslim women from all around the world in gaining knowledge about different issues in Islam from learning how to pray to the roles women have In Islam. Giving support and helping each other strive hard in pleasing our Rabb (Lord). Knowledge is the cure for ignorance. The more we learn and grow in our understanding of Islam, the more we can Insha Allah (God Willing) increase in Emaan(Faith). † We understand from listening to Isobel Coleman, that (Coleman, 2006)â€Å"The Mission of The New Muslim Woman is to help new Muslim women from all around the world in gaining knowledge about different issues in Islam from learning how to pray to the roles women have In Islam. Giving support and helping each other strive hard in pleasing our Rabb(Lord). Knowledge is the cure for ignorance. The more we learn and grow in our understanding of Islam, the more we can InshaAllah (God Willing) increase in Emaan (Faith). † We also understand that, â€Å"The Mission of The New Muslim Woman is to help new Muslim women from all around the world in gaining knowledge about different issues in Islam from learning how to pray to the roles women have In Islam. Giving support and helping each other strive hard in pleasing our Rabb (Lord). Knowledge is the cure for ignorance. The more we learn and grow in our understanding of Islam, the more we can InshaAllah (God Willing) increase in Emaan (Faith). † These criticisms are not without merit, and the ambiguity of the new constitution is a cause for concern. The centrality of Islamic law in the document, however, does not necessarily mean trouble for Iraqi women. In fact, sharia is open to a wide range of understanding, and across the Islamic world today, progressive Muslims are seeking to reinterpret its rules to accommodate a modern role for women. Iraqs constitution does not specify who will decide which version of Islam will prevail in the countrys new legal system. But the battle has already begun. Victory by the progressives would have positive implications for all aspects of the future of Iraq, since womens rights are critical to democratic consolidation in transitional and war-torn societies. Allowing a full social, political, and economic role for women in Iraq would help ensure its transition to a stable democracy. Success for women in Iraq would also reverberate throughout the broader Muslim world. In every country where sharia is enforced, womens rights have become a divisive issue, and the balance struck between tradition and equality in Iraq will influence these other debates. Prime Minister Tony Blair and author Salman Rushdie praised a British official on Tuesday for raising the difficult issue of whether Muslim women visiting his office should remove their veils. The comment by Jack Straw, a former foreign secretary who now is leader of the House of Commons, has plunged Britain into a debate over Islamic integration. Its important these issues are raised and discussed, and I think its perfectly sensible if you raise it in a measured and considered way, which he did, Blair said of Straw during an interview with British Broadcasting Corp. television outside his office. I think we can have these discussions without people becoming hysterical either way about it. Rushdie, (Rushdie, 1989) whose book The Satanic Verses, once led to death threats against him by Islamic clerics, told BBC radio that Straw was expressing an important opinion, which is that veils suck, which they do. I think the veil is a way of taking power away from women. Straw said in a newspaper column published Thursday that he believes the veils favored by some Muslim women inhibit communication and are a sign of division in society. At his constituency office, Straw said he asks that veiled women reveal their faces, adding that the women have always complied, and a female assistant is always present. On Friday, British media quoted Straw as going further, saying that he would prefer that Muslim women not wear veils at all. I just find it uncomfortable if Im trying to have a conversation with someone whose face I cant see, Straw told the BBC. Many Muslims in Straws parliamentary district of Blackburn, in northwestern England, reacted with outrage. The uproar also left many questioning whether Britains multicultural ideals can withstand the strains of a cultural divide that is increasingly tormenting much of Europe. The difficulty of the issue was obvious during the Blair interview when he was asked if he would prefer a Muslim woman he met took off her veil. Once led to death threats against him by Islamic clerics, he told BBC radio that Straw was expressing an important opinion, which is that veils suck, which they do. I think the veil is a way of taking power away from women. Straw said in a newspaper column published Thursday that he believes the veils favored by some Muslim women inhibit communication and are a sign of division in society. At his constituency office, Straw said he asks that veiled women reveal their faces, adding that the women have always complied, and a female assistant is always present. The difficulty of the issue was obvious during the Blair interview when he was asked if he would prefer a Muslim woman he met took off her veil. The veil represents a symbolic set of rules for the Muslim Woman and many choose to do away with the scarf, in order to voice their opinions about how they feel about wearing it, and the symbolic meaning behind the veil. We understand that, (Manarj, 1998)â€Å"There are some Muslims who make a big deal about trivial issues that border on ignorance. For example, we are told that the use of nail polish invalidates one’s ablution wudo hence, some women perform wudu before applying nail polish as a workaround. Also, we are told that perfume which may contain alcohol must not be applied to one’s skin, because it can get into the pores, and this is equivalent to drinking it (i. e. the alcohol); moreover, owning a TV or camera has also been deemed prohibited (haram) by some, and so on. In fact, there are those who do not tolerate anything that was not practiced or known to the inhabitants of seventh-century Arabia. These are strange ideas to associate with the most universal and rational religion in the world. Obviously, these alien notions fossilize Islam and constitute a serious misreading of the true Islamic messages. † There is a clear understanding that Muslim women think they must keep their bodies pure and by wearing nail polish and other feminine products, in some cases they feel that they are damaging their bodies by using harmful products. Modern Muslim women are changing their ideas about the way they live and dress as they adopt more western ideas and start to become modernized, in society. We learn that some of the most serious problems that we American Muslim women face include: domestic violence, abuse of divorce and child custody laws, abuse of the polygamy system, and isolation and exclusion from various aspects of Muslim life. We are going to provide a few anecdotal cases simply to illustrate the depth of the problems. We have given the women in the stories names to make it more personable, but their identities have been changed and their confidentiality is protected. The stories are shared simply to illustrate and give life to the specific suffering of American Muslim women today. These are true stories, these are real women who have suffered. These stories were compiled by speaking with Muslim community leaders, social workers, psychologists, lawyers, doctors, mostly in southern California, but throughout the United States. We also obtained information from a thing called Sistersnet, which is an E-mail network of Muslim women throughout the United States and other countries. But unfortunately, there is no database, there is no accurate information that exists as to the frequency of any of these abuses that occur. Further research of these issues is desperately needed Many Muslim are facing serious social changes as they mesh into society as a modern Muslim woman. They have came a long way from past traditions and have adopted a new way of thinking and style that reflects these changes. American Muslim women face many unique additional hurdles. We are discriminated against by both non-Muslims and Muslims in America. For instance, a woman who wears hijab, which is the traditional head-covering, is often taunted at work and on the street, and the careers of a lot of these women are actually jeopardizedthey are discriminated against at work and they are not given jobs. And, women who wear hijab in the United States are obvious targetsthey are obviously Muslims, and because of this they bear the brunt of the ignorance about Islam; they face sexual harassment, and often their actual physical safety is jeopardized. Muslims come from different backgrounds. In America, we have immigrant Muslims, who face a whole host of problems such as xenophobia. In the U. S. in recent times, there has been a growing hostility toward immigrants, and they are often erroneously blamed for all of the socio-economic problems that we face in the U. S. , and are harassed because of that. And we have a large African-American Muslim population, and they face additional hurdles, because being part of a racial minority in the United States, they have had to deal with the problems of racism, discrimination, segregation and the vestiges of slavery.

Measuring Skin Blood Flow and Vascular Permeability

Measuring Skin Blood Flow and Vascular Permeability The aim of this experiment is to compare the dose-related inflammatory response demonstrated by the skin following injection of histamine and bradykinin two inflammatory mediators. Methods used will demonstrate a non-invasive, quantitative way to measure blood flow and vascular permeability in the skin. INTRODUCTION The acute inflammatory reaction occurs to protect the body in response to a pathogen or other noxious substance. There are two components: adaptive immunological response (which is described as a more specific immune response) and the innate response which occurs immediately upon infection and consists of both vascular and cellular effects (Rang and Dale, 2007). The innate response will be studied in this experiment, specifically in the skin. Bradykinin and histamine are inflammatory mediators involved in the innate response and will be studied at different doses. The results can be used to provide a potential target for therapeutic use: further experimentation would allow the addition of inflammatory mediator antagonists to potentially reduce the four cardinal signs of inflammation: pain, heat, redness and swelling. The local oedema and vasodilation give rise to the wheal and flare. The reddening represents vasodilation of small arterioles, and the increased permeability of the post capillary venules is represented by the wheal. The flare occurs due to stimulation of sensory nerves causing release of vasodilators. This is known as the triple response. It will be the wheal and flare that will be measured and used to describe the action of the two inflammatory mediators. METHODS The methods used were in-vivo; the doses of inflammatory mediators (and saline control) were injected into 10 volunteers. It was confirmed there were no known allergies to either bradykinin or histamine and all correct health and safety procedures were followed. Each of the 10 subjects were injected first with 25ÃŽ ¼L of saline solution, used as a control to show there was nothing in the saline (that the inflammatory mediators were diluted with) causing an inflammatory response. This was followed by doses of 10, 30, and 100ÃŽ ¼M histamine for 5 subjects and the same doses of bradykinin for the other 5 was added, all at 30 second intervals. These were administered using a sterilised syringe which contained the correct concentration. The doses were injected into forearm intradermally and care was taken to ensure the complete volume of 25ÃŽ ¼L was taken up by the skin. Each successive administration was slightly further up the arm giving space for each of the four doses and to try and prevent the flares from overlapping. At periods of 2, 5, 10 and 15mins a clear sheet of acetate was placed over the centre of injection and the wheal and flare were circled using a non-wipe pen and repeated for each respective dose. This provided the area of the wheal and flare at each of the given concentrations at each of the given periods of time following injection, for each respective inflammatory mediator. The flare was cut from the acetate and weighed accurately to 4 decimal places. Subsequently, the wheal was cut from the centre of the flare and was also weighed. This process was repeated for each of the doses of inflammatory mediator (bradykinin and histamine) and for the saline control also. A 2cm2 square was ruled onto the acetate which was also cut out and weighed. This provided a conversion between weight and area, allowing the area of the wheal and flares to be calculated (credit to Dr. Dean Willis).This data was tabulated and can be found in the appendix and illustrated in the results. The data was checked for any anomalous values that could be defined as incorrect based upon logical criteria. Group 1 for the histamine set had flare sizes of 0cm2 however, had wheal sizes greater than this. Therefore this data was removed to all analysis as it is clearly incorrect. The data was then averaged for each of the 5 subjects for both histamine and bradykinin. There were two independent variables: time and concentration; and two dependant variables: wheal and flare areas. The independent variables were illustrated on separate graphs and the wheal and flare sizes were imposed on the same. To produce graphs to illustrate the change in area with concentration, first the largest average value recorded for each concentration was selected and tabulated. This allows comparison not only between different concentrations of the same mediator, but also between bradykinin and histamine. This also means time was irrelevant because it did not matter at which time recording the values were selected The increase in wheal or flare size due to inflammatory mediator was calculated (i.e. the difference between the wheal or flare recorded and saline). This increase in wheal or flare was plotted against the respective concentration and the concentration was plotted in log scale to illustrate a dose-response curve. To illustrate the change in area with respect to time, firstly, the data was scanned to select a concentration at which the change in wheal and flare was best illustrated. This concentration was taken to be 100ÃŽ ¼M (for both mediators to ensure continuity and to allow comparison). The Average wheal and flare size was then plotted against time for both bradykinin and histamine. RESULTS Removed data: (see appendix) Group 1 of the histamine section has a flare size of 0.000 recorded with a wheel size of greater than this. This is likely to be a systematic error in not realising the flare is indeed underneath the wheel and not visible, in this case the flare is the same area of the wheel. However this is just speculation, and in order to ensure all data used is correct saline recordings for each time interval both wheel and flare areas for group 1(histamine) were removed from analysis. The wheal size only increased slowly with increased concentration of bradykinin to a maximum of 0.414 at 100ÃŽ ¼M. The value at 10ÃŽ ¼M was actually lower than that for saline. This is not a significant decrease however as it was taken as a decrease of 0.04cm2, which is a small area and the limitations of the experiment are likely to be the cause. The flare size, however, increased more with increasing concentration. The size of the flare is likely to represent a dose-response curve with a classic sigmoid shape if the concentration of bradykinin were to be increased further. However, due to the nature of the experiment this would not be practical as a much large concentration of inflammatory mediator could be dangerous for the subject. It is also shown that the maximum flare area at 100ÃŽ ¼M was recorded at 10mins. It can therefore be deduced that it was relatively slow acting; however it cannot be determined whether the maximum value was indeed at 10mins recorded as 7.808cm2. Equally the flare area could have rose to a maximum between 5-10mins and decreased, or rose to a maximum after 10mins and reduced to that recorded at 15mins. It can be shown that at the lowest concentration (10ÃŽ ¼M) of histamine that there is only a small difference of 1.194cm2 between the maximum flare-area recorded by bradykinin. It can therefore be deduced that histamine caused a larger flare than bradykinin at the same concentrations. Ahe general trend is similar to that of bradykinin: small increase in wheal area, large increase in flare area. The maximum wheal area was only 0.03m2 larger than that recorded by bradykinin. Again, the wheal area had very little variation with time: increase of 0.2cm2. The flare area was at a maximum recording of 18.625cm2 after just 2mins. Therefore, it is likely to have been at the maximum area before 2mins. This shows that histamine is faster acting than the bradykinin. There is a relatively linear decrease with time to a minimum value of 9.120cm2 recorded at 15mins. The flare area did of course continue to decrease after the 15minute period until there was no apparent inflammation, likewise for bradykinin. DISCUSSION As mentioned previously, the innate inflammatory response consists of both vascular and cellular effects. Vascular events begin by dilation of post capillary venules, causing an increased blood flow. Vasodilation is caused by the action of histamine (and other inflammatory mediators), leading to increased local blood flow and an increased vascular permeability causing a local oedema. The fluid contains the components a proteolytic enzyme cascades producing bradykinin. Bradykinin is also an inflammatory mediator causing further vasodilation and vascular permeability leading to local redness and oedema respectively. This gives rise to the cardinal signs of inflammation: redness, swelling, heat and pain (also loss of function). The sensation of heat and pain ascend through sensory neurones via the spinothalamic tract. Upon the presence of a pathogen, pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are recognised on the surface of bacteria and causing the release of cytokines from macrophages. Cytokines are small polypeptides involved in cell-signalling and orchestrate inflammation. This allows expression of adhesion molecules in the endothelial cells. Phagocytes then adhere to the endothelium and migrate towards the bacteria where phagocytosis takes place. In addition, exudation of fluid occurs in response to an increased vascular permeability due to a combination of cytokine and inflammatory mediator action (as well as increased vasodilation in response to inflammatory mediators). The fluid allows four enzyme cascades to occur producing inflammatory further inflammatory mediators by proteolytic cleavage from their native (inactive) state. One of these cascades gives rise to bradykinin (Pocock and Richards, 2006). Histamine is released in response to products of other enzyme cascade pathways such as C3a and c5a which make up part of the complement system. C3a and C5a bind with receptors on the surface of mast cells, causing a rise in intracellular calcium leading to exocytosis of histamine. Simple injection of bradykinin or histamine mimics these pathways. Bradykinin is a vasodilator and also increases vascular permeability leading to a local swelling. This is consistent with the findings in this experiment. After Intradermal injection of bradykinin, the typical triple-response was apparent; there was a wheel and flare as described by Sir Thomas Lewis. Breakdown is by kininases and it is likely to have cleaved bradykinin at a relatively fast rate due to the short lasting effect at 100ÃŽ ¼M where the flare area began to decrease after just 10mins. Histamine has a similar action to bradykinin but found to act faster and also found to be more potent at each concentration tested. The flare area was at a maximum after just 2 minutes. Histamine acts on H1 receptors to dilate blood vessels, therefore it is likely there is a high expression of H1 receptors at the skin surface, or histamine has a great affinity for its receptor. It is likely to be a combination of both, however to confirm these ideas, experiments could be conducted on other tissue perhaps on organ tissue in-vitro using an animal model. This response is characteristic of the acute inflammatory pathway; however, more recent studies suggest that histamine has a role in chronic inflammation involved in the immune response (Jutel et al., 2009). There is regulation of T-cells (which make up part of the immune response) by H1 and H2 receptors. There is a 4th histamine receptor, H4 and further evidence for the role of histamine in chronic pathways comes from expression of H4 receptors on immune cells (Jutel et al., 2009). It is apparent from figures 1 and 3 that an increase in either inflammatory mediator resulted in an increase in wheel area. As previously described, this is due to release of vasodilators from sensory nerves in response to stimulation. So it can be deduced that a larger concentration of bradykinin or histamine indicates a larger infection and therefore the cascade process is accentuated. The wheal area stays relatively constant in both cases, this could be due to no addition action of inflammatory mediators on the vascular permeability, or indeed there is already a full effect i.e. the post capillary venules are a permeable as possible. However another hypothesis could be that additional permeability would only lead to a further decreased extracellular solute concentration which would simply be reabsorbed by osmosis. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS Strengths of the experiment were in that humans were used and methods were in-vivo. Therefore there is no reliance on animal models to use as a comparison. All subjects were of a similar age and gender was at random, hence, generally similar responses were found between each group. Limitations were found to be in injecting the inflammatory mediator intradermally. There was a tendency for not all of the solution to actually enter the skin, thus decreasing the number of moles of inflammatory mediator. This however did not seem to effect the results too greatly as 5 repeat groups would allow for some small error. It is still clear from the experiment that the aims were met and the mediators compared. Furthermore, measurement of the area was not particularly accurate. Firstly it was hard to judge the size of the wheel and flare and there was a tendency for the flares to overlap and was often left down to judgment of where to define the boundary. There were a few further cases where the w heel size exceed that of the flare (in addition the case described in the results) however these were only small differences and could easily have been to variations in the measurement of the weight. If the wheal and flare were the same size, the acetate could have been weighed twice and hence the small difference. This would not have affected the outcome of the experiment however so the data was accepted. Better methods of measurement of wheel and flare area would be to use an imaging technique and record the change in areas digitally. This would allow for calculation of the change in rate of area with respect to time (via differential equations) which would give a good indication as to the potency and allow for a more in-depth comparison.

The Sow by Sylvia Plath :: Poem Poetry

Sylvia Plaths poem, Sow, depicts a beast of mythic proportions through various images, comparisons, and specific word choices. By presenting the sow from both the point of view of its owner, neighbor, and of the speaker, Plath paints a vivid picture of farmyard decadence that the reader can relate to. The first three stanzas present an image of neighbor as a secretive, but shrewd farmer. He is shrouded in mystery to the narrator and her companions, as is his great prize-winning sow, impounded from public stare. He obviously views the sow as a source of great pride, but also something very secret and personal. Even his barn takes on a mystical quality as the narrator wanders its lantern-corridors as if in a maze. In fact, the speaker will only venture in at dusk to try and catch a glimpse of the wonderous beast. Upon seeing it for the first time (and throughout the remainder of the poem), the speaker describes the sow using a number of comparisons to which the reader can easily relate. First, this was no china piggy bank it had to be taken seriously nor a dolt pig ripe for heckling; it was much too prized to eat. Due to the sows obvious majesty, the narrator is assured that it will never meet the fate of its parsley- haloed; cousins (dinner). Nor is the sow like other common; sows, content just to raise their litters. Finally, the speaker compares the sow, through a literary allusion, to the massive Brobdingnag race of Gullivers Travels, effectively assessing its massive frame. The sow is also given (excuse the pun) dimension through the narrators diction. Words like gape and marvel express her personal wonder at beholding it, while its demeanor and royal massiveness are also shown through specific diction such as lounged, bulk, belly-bedded and dream-filmed. And, in the last stanza, a final allusion attributes to the animal a universal and monumental power, with a barnyard twist: proceeded to swill the seven troughed seas and every earthquaking continent.

Inclusion in own area of responsibility Essay

1.1 – Explain models of practice that underpin equality, diversity and inclusion in own area of responsibility It is important to understand the positive values of equality and diversity in my role as all service users are vulnerable whether physically or mentally. Caring for others and engaging with them engaging in decisions in relation to their life, health and wellbeing exercises a certain amount of power over the vulnerable adult. This has the potential to be misused or abused. Staff members understanding of equality and diversity greatly influences their behaviour in their role. The staff members approach to both equality and diversity will have a direct impact on both increasing equality and removing discrimination or help reinforce inequality and discrimination. It is often argued that discrimination is often carried out unknowingly or due to ignorance, insensitivity or common held beliefs that are not challenged. No matter how justified, there is no place for discrimi nation in a care setting. It is the responsibility of the manager to promote ant-discrimination and raise staff awareness about equality, diversity ad inclusion. see more:barriers to equality and inclusion Equality means to treat others with respect and as individuals. It is important not to confuse the meaning if equality as it does not mean to treat everyone the same. Every person is unique and is individual so in order to promote equality it is important to treat everyone fairly. Each person has their own needs, wishes and preferences so it is imperative that these are respected. A popular model of promoting equality is through the equal opportunities approach. It is helpful to have a good understanding of equality on order to understand that all individuals should have the same opportunities to achieve a good outcome. The equal opportunities approach is based on the idea that the starting point for all individuals should all be the same. This means that barriers to these opportunities, were possible, are removed and positive interventions are implemented. An equal opportunities approach also means that all individuals are treated the same regardless of age, race, colour, sex, religion, disability and sexuality. For example, it would be discriminatory to produce a job advert for a female receptionist as gender of the applicant is irrelevant. If the person is suited to the job role and has the necessary qualifications, gender in the role is irrelevant. If a  person whether male or female is qualified and capable of doing the job role then whether they are male or female does not make any difference. This approach encourages in individuals to reflect on potential and actual barriers to opportunities and propose and implement ways of overcoming these. The equal opportunities approach proves very successful in improving equality and inclusion. There are several anti-discriminatory legislations in place: Sex Discrimination Act 1975 Equal Pay Act 1970 Race Relations Act 1976 Disability Discrimination Act 1995 Equality Act 2006 Some critics believe the equal opportunities approach suggest that social structures and behaviours are so deeply discriminatory that, even when opportunities are equalised, some individuals will still be unable to overcome barriers and realise their full potential. Equality involves fairness and diversity involves valuing difference. Walker identified that the difference and diversity model is based on four key principles: Individuals function best when they feel valued People feel more valued when they believe their individual and group differences are valued The ability to learn from those who are different is the key to becoming empowered When individuals are valued and respected they can work independently and as part of a team to build relationships There are two models that link with equality, diversity and inclusion, the first one is the social model of disability which views discrimination and prejudice as being embedded in today’s society, their attitude’s and their surrounding environment. The social model focuses on who the adult is as person not what their disability or diagnosis is, the focus is on how to improve and empower the individual’s life and lead a more independent life as possible. The second model is the medical model of disability which views adults has having an impairment or lacking in some way, this model focuses on impairments that the adult has and finding and acknowledging ways to correct them. The client group at my current place of work are adults with  mild learning disability and some of the residents have a dual diagnosis of mental health issues as well. Both the social and medical model has an impact on their daily life. The home’s ethos is to empower the residents and in able them to lead a normal life as possible. This is done by providing and engaging them in their own individualised care plans and asking their opinions on what they like how they like it etc. allowing them to make informed choices for them self and whether they have the capacity to make these decisions. 1.2 – Analyse the potential effects of barriers to equality and inclusion in own area of responsibility Inclusion, equality of opportunity and anti-discrimination are central principles in social care. All activity needs to be planned on the basis that some people may need additional support to overcome the barriers they face. Barriers are those things that prevent or make access to a service more difficult for certain groups and individuals. The barriers faced in your own workplace will be related to your own working environment and on the area of care you work in. These barriers could include one or more of the following:  · age  · gender or gender identity  · disability – physical or sensory impairment  · faith  · ethnic origin  · sexual orientation  · communication, literacy and language It is important that an organisation culture is developed which reflects and reinforces a commitment to valuing diversity. It is the responsibility of the manager to ensure that all team members are aware what the values of the organisation are and understands that they are all expected to adopt these values. Clear expectations should be made available through training when onboarding all new team member so they are aware of what is expected of them prior to beginning their new role. It is important to raise awareness of equality and diversity. Managers should be perceived to set an example and enact the organisations values. Barriers: Our own personal beliefs and values are often deeply ingrained from our own personal upbringing and culture. It is only when these values and beliefs and values are challenged by new experiences that demonstrate that those beliefs may be flawed, that many people’s values are reflected on and, where appropriate changed. Evaluating beliefs and values are a good way to break down prejudice. Prejudice is often not an individual belief but is a more wide spread issue makes this a difficult problem to eliminate. In an organisation individuals should be made aware from the beginning that prejudice will not be tolerated and that team members are encouraged, supported and protected to speak out against it. Managers who are able to create a culture of discussion, tolerance and an open minded community are often proven as the most successful leaders. Prejudice can lead to unacceptable behaviour such as bullying, harassment and abuse of power which can infringe on the rights of others. If this occurs in the workplace disciplinary action should be undertaken in order to comply with organisational values and beliefs. There are also structural barriers to equality and inclusion. For example, a workplace without accessible toilets for those in wheelchairs is discriminatory and against the law. Barriers of any kind can make an individual feel disrespected and not valued. All individuals have a right to be treated fairly regardless of their age, race, sex, culture, beliefs, religion or disability. For example, if a vacancy for a promotion became available and the manager wanted an English person to fill the position. This would be discrimination on the basis of an individual’s race. By being English does not necessarily mean they will be better at the role. It is important to give all individuals a fair chance at the position and clearly nominate the best person for the role by judging them on their qualifications and suitability for the role and not because of their race, culture, age, sex or disability. 1.3 – Analyse the impact of legislation and policy initiatives on the promotion of equality, diversity and inclusion in own area of responsibility Equality is a state of being equal in terms of value, quantity or quality. It is about uniformity. It is also about ensuring that people are treated fairly and given fair chances. Equality is not about treating everyone in exactly the same way, it is about recognising and valuing individual needs  and seeking to meet them in different ways. Diversity means differences, varieties, and unlikeness. It is understanding and coping with peoples’ differences so that they can be effective using them to one’s advantage. Inclusion is seen as a universal human right. The aim of inclusion is to embrace all people irrespective of race, gender, disability, medical or other need. It is about giving equal access and opportunities and getting rid of discrimination and intolerance (removal of barriers). It affects all aspects of public life.

The Role of HR Management in Facilitating the Individual Adaptation of the Employees

The Role of HR Management in Facilitating the Individual Adaptation of the Employees Introduction The role of HR management in facilitating the individual adaptation of the employees can be based on several theories. These can be educational, psychological, organizational and economic theories. In tackling this topic, this research paper describes Maslow’s theory, McClelland’s need theory, equity theory and job design theory.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Role of HR Management in Facilitating the Individual Adaptation of the Employees specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Maslow’s theory of need and Hierarchy This is one of the main psychological theories of motivation postulated by Abraham Maslow. He perceived human needs to be hierarchical and observed that after a set of need ceases to be a motivator after it has been satisfied (Weihrich Cannice, 2008, p. 330). According to Maslow, basic needs are in form of five sets of goals. These are self actualization, love, ph ysiological, esteem and safety. In Maslow’s perspective, what motivates employees in organizations is to ensure that they have the conditions on which these basic satisfactions are based and by desires that are more intellectual. People are continually in want and the satisfaction of these wants only tends to be mutually exclusive but in reality is not. The average person only attains partial satisfaction and partial dissatisfaction of want they want (Ramlall, 2004, p. 54). This theory implies a lot to the organizational HR management. They should devise programs and practices that fulfill the upcoming or unmet needs of employees. Another implication is for the management to help workers handle stress by coming up with focus groups and support programs. This will help employees deal with stressful times and is also meant to have an understanding of their needs. The managers’ role is to cultivate a good climate to facilitate the development of the employees’ full potential. Not doing this may frustrate employees, make them perform poorly, demotivate them and encourage them to withdraw from the organization (Ramlall, 2004, p. 54). McClleland’s Need Theory The three needs that this theory focuses on are power, achievement and affiliation. The need for power is influencing others to achieve. The need for affiliation is to wish for social relationships and related events.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The need for achievement is the drive to succeed and excel. Given that effective HR managers need to influence others in a positive way, they need to have a great need for power combined with a low affiliation need (Ramlall, 2004, p. 55). Equity theory According to this organizational theory, the concern of individuals is not just the sum of rewards earned for their efforts, but also how this relates to what is received by others. People tend to compare their inputs such as experience, proficiency and education with outcomes which include recognition, income levels and promotions. When there is an imbalance between people’s outcome-input ration with that of others, tension arises. The theory is based on three assumptions. First, people have certain believes regarding what determines a return that is just and equitable according to their inputs in job. â€Å"Second, the theory assumes that people tend to compare what they perceive to be the exchange they have with their employers (Ramlall, 2004, p. 55).† The third assumption is that when people believe they are being treated inequitably with regard to the exchange they observe their counterparts to be getting, they’ll be driven to take actions that they deem necessary (Theis, 2010, p. 28). Consequently, several options are created for employees who realize that they are getting unfair treatment. These options may includ e input reduction by employees through direct restriction of their work output, seeking an assignment that’s more enjoyable and seeking increases in salary as a way of trying to make an output increase (Ramlall, 2004, p. 55). The HR management’s challenge is therefore to devise fair and equitable reward mechanisms and giving the rewards based on what the employees believe with regard to the value they attach to the organization. Circumstances can be changed in the place of work to encourage improvement in the quality and quantity of work (Miner, 2007, p. 104). Job Design Theory The basis of this theory is that a task in itself forms a basis for motivation of employees. The motivation to perform excellently is stifled by a job that is boring, mundane and monotonous. There are three ways to make a job more challenging. These are decision authority, variety and autonomy. Both variety and challenge can be added to the job through job enrichment and job rotation (Ramlall, 2 004, p. 56).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Role of HR Management in Facilitating the Individual Adaptation of the Employees specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference list Miner, J.B. (2007). Organizational Behavior: From Theory to Practice. New York: M.E. Sharpe. Retrieved Ramlall, S. (2004). A Review of Employee Motivation Theories and their Implications for Employee Retention through Organizations. Journal of American Academy of Business, Cambridge. Retrieved from ftp://ftp.cba.uri.edu/Classes/Beauvais/HPR412/Ramlall_2004.pdf Theis, S. (2010). Attracting High Quality Human Capital by the Value of a Company Brand. Norderstedt, Germany: GRIN Verlag. Retrieved Weihrich, H. Cannice, M. (2008). Management. New Delhi: Tata-McGraw Hill Education. Retrieved

10 Productivity Tips for NaNoWriMo

10 Productivity Tips for NaNoWriMo Staying Productive During NaNoWriMo: Shaelin's Top Tips Shaelin Bishop is a writer, YouTuber, and a member of the team here at Reedsy. She’s also a veteran of the 30-day novel  writing competition NaNoWriMo, having taken part in it for three years. In this lightly edited transcript of her video, she'll show you how to be more productive during NaNoWriMo with her top ten tips. How to stay productive during #NaNoWriMo from @shaelinbishop Continuing my NaNoWriMo prep series, I'm going to talk about productivity tips. Of course, some of these tips can apply at any point of your writing life - but with November coming up, I thought I would share some stuff that's worked for me in the past when I've done NaNoWriMo. How to really make the most of that time and get the 50,000 words done.Winning is not everything, as they always say, and it's very true for NaNoWriMo. You can succeed whether you win or not. So with that out of the way, here are 10 things that can help you be more productive.Tip 1: Have multiple writing sessions per dayWrite in multiple sessions every day. If you write earlier in the day, it's going to be so much easier to write later in the day - whereas if you start writing in the evening, it's going to be much more difficult. Even when you first wake up, before you go to work, just write two sentences. Then it's going to be so much easier to pick up the book and just start writing when you write on your lunch break, or when you write after work.Writing in multiple sessions also helps you break down the word goal. It might be a lot for you to sit down and write 1,700 words. If you can break it up into smaller writing sessions throughout the day, it makes the word goal so much more manageable.Have you done NaNoWriMo before? What are your best productivity tips? Tell us in the comments below!

Adding Images in Microsoft Word

Adding Images in Microsoft Word Adding Images in Microsoft Word From company logos to detailed scientific illustrations, there are many reasons to add an image to a Microsoft Word document. But how does this work? And how can you ensure your finished document looks professional? Check out our guide below for a few tips. Adding Images in Microsoft Word You have three main options for adding images in Microsoft Word: Adding an image from your computer Adding an image from the internet Using the â€Å"Shapes† and â€Å"SmartArt† available via MS Word You can access all these options by going to Insert Illustrations on the main ribbon. This tab is also where you can find options for adding charts and tables to your document. The Illustrations section of the ribbon. 1. Adding an Image from Your Computer If you are adding images from your own computer: Place the cursor where you want to add a picture Go to Insert Illustrations Click Pictures to open a new window Find and select the image you want to use on your computer Click Insert This will add the picture (full size) in the place selected. You can also add an image from your computer by dragging the thumbnail into the document. 2. Adding an Image from the Internet This option lets you import an image directly from the internet. To do so: Select where the image should go with the cursor Go to Insert Illustrations Click Online Pictures Search for a picture using Bing Image Search (keep Creative Commons Only selected if you will be using the image for commercial purposes) Select the image(s) you want to use and click Insert Selecting an online picture. This will add the selected image to your document. It will even add a makeshift caption, including the license for the picture. However, make sure you’re familiar with the rules about using copyrighted and Creative Commons images before you add other people’s pictures to your document. 3. Shapes and SmartArt For simple images, such as flow charts or arrows, it may be easier to use the â€Å"Shapes† and â€Å"SmartArt† in Microsoft Word. These are pre-set graphics that you can add at the click of a button: The Shapes include arrows, boxes, speech bubbles and other basic geometrical shapes and graphics. You can access these by going to Insert Illustrations Shapes. You will then need to click and drag to set the dimensions of the shape selected. SmartArt uses predesigned combinations of the graphics from the â€Å"Shapes† menu. This allows you to add an entire flowchart in one go, for example, which you can then adjust as required. These options offer a simple way to add visual elements to your document. SmartArt options. Formatting Images We won’t go into all the image formatting options available in Microsoft Word here. However, there are two main factors to consider when adding images to a document: Image size and position – You can resize an image by clicking and dragging the circles at its edges. To move an image, moreover, you can click it and drag it around the document. Text wrapping – This controls how the image is positioned in relation to the text. You can access these settings by clicking the image and going to Format Arrange Wrap Text. You can also access image layout options by clicking an image and selecting the icon that appears next to it. These options will help ensure the image looks tidy on the page. To remove an image from a document, meanwhile, simply select it and hit delete or backspace on your keyboard.

Hard Work or Talent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hard Work or Talent - Essay Example Looking into the history of the US trading market there are a number of individuals whose reputation has span over years while others have popped into the market lately and made it big within a short time span. Making it big in this respect is related to how much one has made or makes in trading deals and the factors that surround their continued successes in making the right choices, deals and bets for that matter. Two characters are to be discussed and offered as examples in supporting the view that talent is the one that matters not hard work. Ken Griffin is the first one to consider and he is the Managing Director/CEO of Citadel Investment Group (Traderslog 2008). Considering its large size, it is important to study a few trends of its CEO. He started trading stock options and funds in his college days. Later developed the fund mentioned above with 4.2 million dollars (Traderslog 2008). Today it stands to be the one of the largest in the world with current management portfolio of 13 billion dollars. John Arnold is the other trader whose mastery of his business is given credit by a cross-section of huge and reputed players (Demon 2009). Taking his background for instance in Enron as a trader it is clear that his fortunes in this line of business were destined for success after scooping over 750 million dollars for the company. He was handsomely rewarded with 8 million dollars bonus. He used the bonus to start his own hedge fund by the name Centaurus Advisors, LLC. Soon he was making billion dollar bets in energy related trading and to the surprise of many he trades few times a year in the most awkward moments of the market. Last year he made slightly less than a billion dollars. In the few times he has spoken he says that he buys things at the time when they are below fair value and sell when he believes they are way above it according to Demon (2009). This simple concept relies more on talent i.e. his innate understanding of concepts

Learning Disabiities Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Learning Disabiities - Research Paper Example The researcher believes that if teachers, parents and the community worked with each other then and only then will people’s scores would increase. The researcher learned that there is a wealth of knowledge within her co-workers; especially, when it comes to the modifications with the students this research shared in people’s classes. People’s common goals were and still are the success of people’s students. However, schools do not see it that way. Unfortunately, what the school sees and wants is not always the same thing. This researcher will continue to monitor her student’s progress on the standardized tests, continue with the modifications within her classroom and continue working with the inclusion teachers. This was a great experience for her. This research is so caught up in people’s own world (being people’s classroom) this research cannot see what anyone else is doing. Month 1 Week 1 Who observes Observe students writing assess ment within the classroom. Assign writing assignments. Are you using assessment and assignment interchangeably? Either go to my post during week 1 or apply the directions from the Student Handbook. Be sure you are reading all posts in the Main and Course Materials forum. Several aspects of this assignment indicate you’ve not read a number of my posts. ... Week 2 Check students schedule (enrolled in an after school program). Grades from first progress report. Remediation classes for repeated failures. Week 3 GA High School Writing test will be administered this week. Week 4 Continue with the writing sessions incorporated within my classes. Month 3 Week 1 Continue with the writing sessions incorporated within my classes. Week 2 Meeting with English/Literature teacher reviewing writing samples of the students after the last sample. Week 3 Attending after school program monitoring the additional remediation classes being offered after school and how many students have attended. Week 4 GHSWT administered this week Month 4 Week 1 GHSWT administered this week Week 2 Fall Break (awaiting results) Week 3 Results are back 5 out of 12 passed the test this session. However, the remaining 7 did not pass. The scores range from 187-193. Additional remediation is required. Chapter Five: Results and Recommendations Problem Statement High school studen ts with learning disabilities who are placed in inclusive education classes do not show year to year progress on standardized tests. Goals and Expectation The goal of this study is for high school students to show passing scores on standardized tests and show year-to-year progress on the GHSGT (i.e. Georgia High School Graduation Test). During this process, teachers will closely monitor the students’ progress every three weeks. Progress reports will be given to each student, and any student who has below a 75, the parents will be notified. Another goal for this study is for students to join the after school programs in order to get the extra remediation they will need to pass the class and successfully pass the

WIred LAN Versus Wireless Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

WIred LAN Versus Wireless - Assignment Example tter than wireless ones, wireless networks are difficult to set up and troubleshooting is also very difficult, it is much different in the case of wired networks. Wireless networks provide mobility but wired networks can never do so, these were some of the major differences between the two. When it comes to covering a large area, the wired networks are very expensive. The wiring and cabling process is both time consuming and expensive, on the other hand wireless network doesn’t cost as much and it is hassle free. When it comes to speed wired networks offer better speed than wireless ones. This is because the connection is shared under wireless networks but the connection is not shared under wired networks hence the user gets better speed with wired networks. The difference between wired and wireless networks is the most common question asked; it is very easy to answer this one. When communication between two devices takes place without cables, it is called a wireless network, when communication between two devices takes place with cables; it is called a wired network. Wireless networks have made life easier; the communication takes place with the help of radio waves, Bluetooth etc have made life so much easier and uncomplicated. Music can be shared with others with the help of Bluetooth, wireless internet can be accessed which is very convenient and amazing. The mobility and the freedom are two of the biggest advantages of a wireless network. The clutter of wires is completely eliminated by using a wireless network. Ethernet is also known as wired networks, it has been around for quite some time now. The CAT5 cables are used to connect these wired networks, it is quite speedy and secure when compared to a wireless network. The overall cost of a wired network is much cheaper than that of a wireless network. Wireless networks have become popular in homes but in offices it is yet to pick up popularity. Wireless networks are ideal for time saving and relocation,

Modern Architecture in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Modern Architecture in Australia - Essay Example However, Australia’s distinctive and unique climate necessitated adaptations in the architectural designs. Notable Australian adaptations include the Queenslander and Federation styles of residential architecture. Over the years, Australia has developed some iconic designs which include: the UNESCO, Sydney Opera House, and the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne. Early buildings in Australia had European fashions such as the Georgian style. This is a style that is exhibited in early government buildings and homes of the affluent. Francis Greenway, the architect who appears on the Australian ten dollar note designed early buildings in Georgian style with examples such as, the Hyde Park Barracks and St. James’ church. Further, another European style that gained fame and favour in the early 19th century in Australia was the Gothic Revival architecture which was particularly used in churches. It had its distinctive features which included pointed arches, turrets, and bat tlements and gothic ornaments. One of the best examples that exhibits this style can be seen at the lower end of Collins Street in Melbourne.1 The Australian gold rush of the mid-19th century saw major buildings especially in Sydney and Melbourne and to a minor extent in regional capitals being built in the style of Victorian architecture. Italian architecture also found favour from the period of about 1850-1893 as it allowed greater displays of prosperity through its rich and complex features such as slate roofs and cast iron work.2 A significant leap in architectural movements in Australia was the development of the Federation architecture style of the 20th century where Australia began to develop a sense of personal identity that was not related to the previous European designs. Technically, they began developing a style of their own. One of the most important local introductions to Australian architecture was the veranda which was introduced by pastoralists who took up land and built single storey houses with the addition of the veranda which provided shade and looked attractive. Like almost everywhere around the world, the movement in Australian architecture have been influenced by socio-political factors. For example, during the early 20th century, cities across Australia had placed height limits to buildings at typically 150 feet (45 metres) hence hindering the development of very tall buildings (skyscrapers) in the American style until the limits were lifted in the late 1950s3. Similarly, the Australian families sought to own their own free standing houses with space in the backyard which hence meant that high density houses were rare in Australia until the end of the 20th century. However, significant concerns were raised during the 1960s with the skyscraper boom which had led to the destruction of earlier historic buildings. A green ban was thus set in place to protect historic 18th – century buildings in The Rocks from being demolished to pav e way for office towers and also prevented the Royal Botanic gardens from being transformed into a car park for the Sydney Opera House.4 In the city of Melbourne the battle to preserve history was the one fought to preserve the Carlton from slum reclamation for setting up public housing. In the 21st century Australian architects have taken a more innovative approach to designs. Many buildings have emerged that truly reflect the unique Australian culture and values. As a result,

REFLECTION ON PLACEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

REFLECTION ON PLACEMENT - Essay Example The quest for learning of the nursing professionals so that they can develop themselves and work better in partnership with different concerned parties can be described with the Gibbs Model of Reflection. The Gibbs Model of Reflection has six different factors namely description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and action plan. The initial stage of description is about understanding what exactly has happened. In the second stage, the understanding and getting grip of the situation would help the nursing professional to know the feeling about the latest experience. The third stage is about evaluating the latest development i.e. if the experience has been good or not. In the next step, the professional analyse the situation. The subsequent step of conclusion verifies if there was any other alternative that could been opted by the nursing professional. The last step is about learning of the situation and to decide the course of action if similar situation arise again (University of Brighton. n.d). There is almost no doubt that the Gibbs model of reflection would help the nursing professionals to evaluate and learn from the latest of his experience and try and achieve the desired professional and personal growth. It would prepare him for the future. The model of Gibbs also enables the professional to work better in partnership with the doctors, the families i.e. the clients and also with the colleagues for the betterment of the patients. It assists the professional to improve the quality of the much needed care to the patients as also it narrows down the gap between theory and

Assingment 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assingment 4 - Assignment Example This paper will hence focus on how the leadership skills will lead to technical competence by a leader. The paper will also show an evaluation of the skills against my own skills and how I will acquire and/ or strengthen my skill of leadership as I progress in my future leadership. In order to be an effective leader, one needs to possess various leadership skills. In addition, a team leader needs to exhibit distinct leadership traits, behavior, styles and qualities. As a leader one needs to be able to provide awareness of unity to all members of the team. The members will also have the ability to develop interpersonal relationship where every member gets a chance to learn from each other and contribute to work. In order to enhance togetherness towards achieving our common goal, a leader must portray leadership qualities and skills. The leadership skills include: listening ability, awarding credit to the team members, honesty, effective communication, ability to stick to strategies an d goals, ability to beat anxiety and shape character, service oriented, accountable and responsible, empathy, and keeping cool. In using these leadership skills a team leader needs to adopt various leadership styles to ensure the team achieves their goals effectively and efficiently. A combination of different styles of leadership works well in any environment especially where the public is involved. Some of the leadership styles used in showing the mentioned skills include: authoritarian style of leadership, a leader in this case remains strict and offer close regulation and control, policies and procedures given to the team members. In order to attain success, close supervision is necessary; a leadership style of democracy is another one, here a leader involves team members in decision making through enhancing team members’ interest and practicing social equity and equality. This style will also include debate, discussion and sharing of encouragement and ideas of the team s o as the team can feel good about their involvement in the team. Transactional leadership style will allow for motivation of the team members through a reward system. These leadership styles will be combined with the leadership skills in order to bring about the technical competence of the leader and the success of the team. Leadership skills such as listening ability, awarding credit to the team members, honesty, effective communication, and ability to stick to strategies and goals are very important for a leader who is looking forward to technical competence. For instance, listening ability skill; the leader will often pay much attention to their teams. The team members may be holding grievances among them that may impact on the success of the tasks assigned. When a leader listens to his or her team members, he or she gives them a chance and opportunity for innovations and continuous improvement. Such leaders encourage learning from each other through sharing experiences of gains and losses as well. Team members become close and open to their leader when the leader shows willingness to listen and handle their concerns and issues affecting their tasks. Therefore it’s vital for a leader to have the skill to listen to their followers. Another effective leadership skill for effective

Modern Architecture in Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Modern Architecture in Australia - Essay Example However, Australia’s distinctive and unique climate necessitated adaptations in the architectural designs. Notable Australian adaptations include the Queenslander and Federation styles of residential architecture. Over the years, Australia has developed some iconic designs which include: the UNESCO, Sydney Opera House, and the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne. Early buildings in Australia had European fashions such as the Georgian style. This is a style that is exhibited in early government buildings and homes of the affluent. Francis Greenway, the architect who appears on the Australian ten dollar note designed early buildings in Georgian style with examples such as, the Hyde Park Barracks and St. James’ church. Further, another European style that gained fame and favour in the early 19th century in Australia was the Gothic Revival architecture which was particularly used in churches. It had its distinctive features which included pointed arches, turrets, and bat tlements and gothic ornaments. One of the best examples that exhibits this style can be seen at the lower end of Collins Street in Melbourne.1 The Australian gold rush of the mid-19th century saw major buildings especially in Sydney and Melbourne and to a minor extent in regional capitals being built in the style of Victorian architecture. Italian architecture also found favour from the period of about 1850-1893 as it allowed greater displays of prosperity through its rich and complex features such as slate roofs and cast iron work.2 A significant leap in architectural movements in Australia was the development of the Federation architecture style of the 20th century where Australia began to develop a sense of personal identity that was not related to the previous European designs. Technically, they began developing a style of their own. One of the most important local introductions to Australian architecture was the veranda which was introduced by pastoralists who took up land and built single storey houses with the addition of the veranda which provided shade and looked attractive. Like almost everywhere around the world, the movement in Australian architecture have been influenced by socio-political factors. For example, during the early 20th century, cities across Australia had placed height limits to buildings at typically 150 feet (45 metres) hence hindering the development of very tall buildings (skyscrapers) in the American style until the limits were lifted in the late 1950s3. Similarly, the Australian families sought to own their own free standing houses with space in the backyard which hence meant that high density houses were rare in Australia until the end of the 20th century. However, significant concerns were raised during the 1960s with the skyscraper boom which had led to the destruction of earlier historic buildings. A green ban was thus set in place to protect historic 18th – century buildings in The Rocks from being demolished to pav e way for office towers and also prevented the Royal Botanic gardens from being transformed into a car park for the Sydney Opera House.4 In the city of Melbourne the battle to preserve history was the one fought to preserve the Carlton from slum reclamation for setting up public housing. In the 21st century Australian architects have taken a more innovative approach to designs. Many buildings have emerged that truly reflect the unique Australian culture and values. As a result,

Assingment 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assingment 4 - Assignment Example This paper will hence focus on how the leadership skills will lead to technical competence by a leader. The paper will also show an evaluation of the skills against my own skills and how I will acquire and/ or strengthen my skill of leadership as I progress in my future leadership. In order to be an effective leader, one needs to possess various leadership skills. In addition, a team leader needs to exhibit distinct leadership traits, behavior, styles and qualities. As a leader one needs to be able to provide awareness of unity to all members of the team. The members will also have the ability to develop interpersonal relationship where every member gets a chance to learn from each other and contribute to work. In order to enhance togetherness towards achieving our common goal, a leader must portray leadership qualities and skills. The leadership skills include: listening ability, awarding credit to the team members, honesty, effective communication, ability to stick to strategies an d goals, ability to beat anxiety and shape character, service oriented, accountable and responsible, empathy, and keeping cool. In using these leadership skills a team leader needs to adopt various leadership styles to ensure the team achieves their goals effectively and efficiently. A combination of different styles of leadership works well in any environment especially where the public is involved. Some of the leadership styles used in showing the mentioned skills include: authoritarian style of leadership, a leader in this case remains strict and offer close regulation and control, policies and procedures given to the team members. In order to attain success, close supervision is necessary; a leadership style of democracy is another one, here a leader involves team members in decision making through enhancing team members’ interest and practicing social equity and equality. This style will also include debate, discussion and sharing of encouragement and ideas of the team s o as the team can feel good about their involvement in the team. Transactional leadership style will allow for motivation of the team members through a reward system. These leadership styles will be combined with the leadership skills in order to bring about the technical competence of the leader and the success of the team. Leadership skills such as listening ability, awarding credit to the team members, honesty, effective communication, and ability to stick to strategies and goals are very important for a leader who is looking forward to technical competence. For instance, listening ability skill; the leader will often pay much attention to their teams. The team members may be holding grievances among them that may impact on the success of the tasks assigned. When a leader listens to his or her team members, he or she gives them a chance and opportunity for innovations and continuous improvement. Such leaders encourage learning from each other through sharing experiences of gains and losses as well. Team members become close and open to their leader when the leader shows willingness to listen and handle their concerns and issues affecting their tasks. Therefore it’s vital for a leader to have the skill to listen to their followers. Another effective leadership skill for effective

The Analysis of Seven Meaning by Geoffrey Leech in A Poetry Essay Example for Free

The Analysis of Seven Meaning by Geoffrey Leech in A Poetry Essay The Analysis of Seven Meaning by Geoffrey Leech in A Poetry My 20 Lines For My Broken Heart Godspower Oshodin The windows of my heart is shut and disdained, My memories in reminisce of how it was pained. The open shutter of love, is now closed Moments like before will never be tossed. Love has spanked my heart to pain, As I write this poem with no poetic gain. My hand can no longer touch your beautiful face, The one I love have given me a long space. My hands fidget, as I exhaust this cubic pen, That your love for me is no longer ten over ten. My eyes cant stop cascading tear, cascade For wooing the next girl, is my lyrical fear. I have stopped sleeping, because I dont want to dream of you, Yet, staring at this blue sky, all I see is you. My dreams of fathering your children is dead My purple hibiscus has turned red. Steep is the road I now passes thru And yet, getting back to your heart is my only clue. My Journey with love has been cut shot, Now, all my feelings for a girl, has a but. Analysis: 1. First Stanza: The open shutter of love, is now closed, Synonym lists: Disdained : scorn, disregard, despise Reminisce : recall, recollect Pained Closed Tossed : acne, hurting, tenderness, griet : shut, lock, near, block : throw, let fly At the first line of the first stanza above, the windows of my heart has connotative meaning this feeling if we relate it to the whole lines of the first stanza, and at the third line the words the open shutter of love also has connotation with My heart. All the lines in the first stanza have affective meaning which can be analyzed that the writer shows us of how hurt his feeling marked by the words disdained and pained which are in conceptual meaning the word disdained means Refuse with contempt and pained means hurt or upset. Paraphrase This feeling is shut and despised, As I recall the memories of how it was hurt me. My heart is now closed, Because this old memories will never be thrown. 2. Second Stanza Spanked : smack, slap, hit, strike Poetic : lyrical, rhytmical : addition, increase, get, profit Gain The whole lines in the second stanza have affective meaning that the writer shows us the cause of the pain that the writer felt as he stated obviously at the third and fourth lines in the second stanza above which explain that the pain made him can not write the poem poetically. This second stanza also has connotative meaning on the words long space in the fourth line expressing the writer had left by his beloved ne or it could be meant the writer had a parting with his beloved one. Paraphrase: Love has slapped my heart to pain, As I write this poem without lyrical addition. My hand cant touch your beautiful face again, Youre the one I love, the one who left me. 3. Third Stanza My eyes cant stop cascading tear, Fidget Exhaust Cascading : shaking, fiddle, be uneasy : tire out, weaken, use up, finish, wear out : flow, pour, fall, drop Woo Lyrical Fear : persuade, pursue : poetic, romantic, emotional : terror, fright, worry, anxiety, phobia All lines of the third stanza above contain the affective meaning which is about the ffect of the writers pain and it can be seen at the third and fourth lines of the third stanza above. The second line at the third stanza above is obviously telling us that the writer is upset and disappointed with his woman because it seems like the womans love to the writer is not as much as the writer expected and it caused the writer crying and made a deep trauma of himself to try to start new relationship with another women because he did not want to feel those kinds of pain again. Meanwhile, in the fourth line if the third stanza above has a social meaning marked in words for wooing the next girl. If we compare the word wooing based on conceptual meaning, wooing means persuading or flirting someone to get attention, but in social meaning, the word wooing has a different meaning that is seeking the affection of a woman which is usually with the hope of marriage . This shows us that the relationship of the writer and his woman almost reached the marriage as the writer wished. Paraphrase: My hands are shaking when I use this pen, That your love for me is not as much as I expected. I cant stop crying, And its frightened me to try to find another girls. . Fourth Stanza Synonym list: Dead : deceased, lifeless, boring, over, finished The fourth stanza still consists of affective meaning showed by the first and second lines of the fourth stanza above describing the effect of the parting which obviously tell us that the writer want to forget the woman even the writer is still haunted by the shadow of the woman. The third line of the fourth stanza above has thematic meaning. In this li ne, My dreams of fathering your children is dead the writer wanted to emphasize that his dream is dead or over. The fourth line of the fourth stanza above has connotation meaning because in this line, My purple hibiscus has urned red n hidden meanings in the two key word purple and red . Based on sources and after combining with the whole lines of the fourth stanza, purple means imagination and dreams and red means anger (negative expression) here because the line has the opposite meaning between purple which attached with the word hibiscus, kind of flowers and red. In the conceptual meaning, the word Hibiscus here is kind of flowers and tends to beautiful thing. So it can be concluded that the meaning of the fourth line is the writers beautiful dream (fathering the omans children) had become anger caused by the pain and the parting. I have stopped sleeping, because I dont want to dream of you, Even if I look at the sky, all I can see is you. My dream to be a father of our children is over, My beautiful dream has become anger. 5. Fifth Stanza Clue : sign, hint, evidence At the first line of the last stanza has a reflected meaning marked by Steep is the road I now passes thru while in the conceptual meaning steep described as a steep place as on a hill and if we relate it to the steep in the context of the first line here, teep could be meant as the writers life destruction or it could be the pain that he must face. The third line of the last stanza has a connotative meaning marked by My journey with love has been cut shot. For the first highlight words, My Journey with love could be meant as the writers love life and cut shot here could be meant as broken or fall to pieces. But the whole lines at the last stanza have affective meaning that tells us about the condition of writers psychology that the only way or his only wish is back to the woman he loved or it could be the writer wanted to tell and give he woman sign in order to get her back and after all the pain he got, his feelings and his point of view ofa girl has a doubt. Pain is the one that I must face now, But, back to your side is my only wish. My love life has fell to pieces, Now, all my feelings for a girl has a doubt. Conclusion: The outline of the whole meaning of this poem tend to affective meaning describing what the writer felt about love and how love can destruct his dream to be with his beloved one as long as ne wanted, now the happiness becomes pain and miserable the parting with the beloved one is. now

Development Using Different Methods Children And Young People Essay

Development Using Different Methods Children And Young People Essay When children and young peoples development is monitored and assessed, it enables practitioners and professionals to notice when children and young people are not progressing as expected. Therefore, if necessary checks can be made to see why children are not developing as expected may be due to impairment. When practitioners and professionals intervene in early years of the children, they will able to get appropriate support they need and their development and their welfare is promoted. Children and young peoples overall outcomes will be promoted significantly when professionals carry out early intervention. There are several methods of monitoring childrens development explained below:- Assessments frameworks Practitioners are required to carry out on going assessments through observations on a diary basis as its integral part of development and learning. Any learning and development needs of children and young people must be addressed by the practitioners with the parent/ carer and relevant professionals. Parents/ carers should be updated regularly with their childrens progress and development. Progress check at two: Practitioners should carry out a progress check when the child is aged between two and three. It should be carried out in the setting where the children spend more time and discuss how the summary of development can be used to support their learning at home. It is a written summary of the childs development in the prime areas. The practitioner must discuss with the parents and / carers how the summary of development can be used to support learning at home. It must reflect on going, regular observation of childrens development. The progress check at two enables practitioners and any other professionals to identify development needs early on in the childs life in order he/she gets the additional support needed. Assessment at the end of the EYFS the Early Years Foundation Stage Profile (EYFSP). EYFSP must be completed for each child in the final term when he/she turns five years old and should be before the 30th of June in that term. School must share the results of the profile with the parents / carers and relevant professionals. The profile provides details of the childs knowledge, understanding and abilities, their progress against expected levels and how ready they are for year 1. Observations. In settings, practitioners watch children play and watch how they are behaving. Some observations do not need the practitioner to interact with the children while in others it may be more appropriate for the practitioner to be involved in order to support learning and development. Observations play a very important part in assessing the childrens development. When practitioners carry out observations, they are able to get information about the childs development, interests and their interactions with friends and adults as well their level of concentrations. Standard measurements Different professionals use various standardized measurements to monitor and assess the childrens development. Growth / healthy assessments. These are used to measure and assess the childrens height, weight and head circumference. Auditory assessments. These assessments are used to monitor and assess the childrens levels of response. Reasoning assessments. These assessments are used to monitor and assess the childrens reasoning and they are carried out by educational psychologists. Cognitive aptitude assessments. These assessments are used to monitor and assess the childrens intelligence and they are widely carried out in schools. All the above tests help professionals to see how a child is performing compared to the large group/ population of other children in the same age group. Information from parents/ carers, colleagues and others. Practitioners should collect as much information as possible from parents/ carers when monitoring and assessing childrens development as the parents/ carers spend more time and are more attune with their children. They see the child in a variety of different situations hence have a lot to contribute and they are aware of their learning and behaviour outside the setting. They always have a different perspective. It is very important to also involve the child whenever possible. Key workers generally take lead role in monitoring and assessing their key children but colleagues who also work with the child should also be consulted as they may have different perceptions. (Walker 2011. p.117). CYP 3.1: 3.2 EXPLAIN THE REASONS WHY CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLES DEVELOPMENT MAY NOT FOLLOW THE EXPECTED PATTERN. Children encounter issues in their lives that have a positive or negative influence on their lives and hinder them from following the expected pattern of development. As practitioners, we have the duty of care towards the children and young people to ensure that we improve their life chance by following the Every Child Matter outcomes, which are be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic well-being. Physical factors The childrens/ young peoples genetics affects their development, which includes their physical growth and physical strength. Occasionally a reason for a child not attaining the usual pattern of development cannot be identified, even after professionals have investigated the influences on development thoroughly. One possibility is that its in the childs genetic makeup to have a slow start to their learning (Walker 2011 p.119). The social, economic and cultural factors. Personal choice Families may decide to live in a different way example travelling families. The children/ young peoples education may be affected if their families travel a lot and they may not settle in. This may stop children from following their expected development pattern. Some families bring up their children differently and some bring up boys differently from girls and this can affect the childrens development. Poverty Families live in poverty mostly due to unemployment and low income. Due to lack of money, families may fail to provide enough food to eat, clothes to wears, educational resources outside school and heat for winter for their children, which may affect their health and that of the parent. This might hinder the children/ young people to reach their full potential Housing and Community Children and young peoples development is greatly affected negatively if they live in poor housing conditions like living in a damp condition may cause health problems to the children that may affect their learning. Children and young people living in neighbourhood with anti-social behaviour may be affected negatively as they may be isolated or they may decide to join in and their development will be affected. Poor parental supervision/ neglect Children need guidance to learn how to behave well. If they do not get the guidance from their parent, they will misbehave at school because they do not understand the boundaries. Lack of boundaries may result in the children and young people being involved in crime and anti-social behaviour. Educational Environment If the setting does not reach the statutory requirement, this will affect the children and young peoples development and they will not achieve their full potential therefore they might be un able to follow the expected development pattern. Health status and Disability Children and young people with existing health condition or with disability may find it hard to fit in and if they are discriminated against, this will have a negative impact on their lives. Learning needs. Children and young people with learning difficulties and those with specific learning needs may not follow the expected development pattern as they may need a range of additional support with their learning and development, for example with writing , reading or maths. Children with Dyslexia they need support with their learning and development. Bereavement and loss Losing a loved one or pet can have a great impact on emotional and physical health. Children/ young people may find it hard to cope with the grief and this may affect their well-being. Religious beliefs and customs Children may be excluded from setting to attend specific settings due to their religious beliefs and customs therefore the children may miss out on some activities and this might have a negative impact on their live. Ethnic beliefs Children might feel isolated and discriminated against due to their ethnic belief and this will have a negative impact on their lives. Communication skills. Children and young people who have trouble with their communication, their learning and development will be impacted on and this leads to the children not following their expected development pattern. Communication development is linked closely to social, emotional and behaviour and intellectual/cognitive development. 3.3 EXPLANATION OF HOW DISABILITY MAY AFFECT DEVELOPMENT Practitioner should have a good knowledge of particular impairments and understand that the same impairment can affect each child differently. Therefore, practitioners must understand the children they are working with, how the impairment is affecting them in order to meet their needs appropriately. Practitioners should look for ways of increasing learning and development opportunities for children with disabilities. Social model of disability When society is not set up to meet the needs of people experiencing impairment, this implies that impairments give rise to disability. The society disables them, rather than enabling them (Walker 2011 p.285). National Occupational standards states that the social model considers that it is society that needs to change and that disabled people have rights and choices. Children with learning difficulties and impairment that affect their social and emotional development may find it had to interact with others and they will be unable to make friends and positive relationships. Society should change to give the children with disability an opportunity to participate in society and ensure that it meets the children and young peoples needs so as to achieve positive outcome. Medical model of disability In this model of disability people without a disability, they see the impairment of disabled people as a problem that needs solved or cured whereas some impairments have no cure. Medical model limits the opportunities for children and young people and this impact negatively on their learning and development. The children with long term medical conditions or physical disabilities may not achieve their full potential as they may miss educational opportunities due to their health, having to stay in hospitals and attending medical appointments. Low expectations When people/ societies have low expectations for children and young people with disability, they will be denied the opportunities they need to achieve their full potential. If children and young people with disability have low expectation of themselves they may not want to get involved and they will feel isolated and unable to fit in. Stereotyping. Children with disabilities may develop low self-confidence and self-esteem due to the stereotyping, discrimination and if the family members see them as a burden or have negative attitudes due to their lack of ability to cope with their disability. Cultural differences Children and young people may miss out on the chance to learn, play and work due to discrimination because of their disability as well as their background, hence unable to achieve a positive outcome. People from different cultures should be more understanding, accepting and encouraging to children and young people with disabilities. Due to lack of funds and resources, can hinder the children with disability having opportunities to experiences activities and achieve their full potential as meeting the needs of a child with disability can be very expensive and funded services vary from one local area to another. The benefits of positive attitudes to disability. Positive attitudes to disability helps the children with disability develop a positive attitude towards themselves and they will have high expectations for their life. The children and young people will have increased self-esteem and self-confidence, gain their independence and have a purpose in life. They will be able to achieve a positive outcome with their learning and development. Positivity can also help children and young people to develop resilience to counteract some of the negative attitudes that they will no doubt experience from others during their lives stereotyping and discrimination are prime examples. (Walker 2011 p.287). 3.4 AN EXPLANATION OF HOW DIFFERENT TYPES OF INTERVENATIONS CAN PROMOTE POSITIVE OUTCOMES FOR CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE WHERE DEVELOPMENT IS NOT FOLLOWING THE EXPECTED PATTERN. A number of professional agencies may become involved when children are identified as not following the expected developmental pattern. The professionals will all work together to support children and their families to ensure that children and younger people achieve their full potential. Children and young peoples outcomes can be improved when multi-agency approach is involved and this includes the children and young peoples development. Below are the professionals involved in the interventions with children. Professional/Agency Main area of responsibility Impact Types of intervention Behavioural Support Service (BEST) They work in partnership with provisions within the framework to include everyone. They promote good behaviour and provide support to children and young people, parents and settings. Behaviour impact the childrens and young people achievements. When children have positive behaviour they achieve at school. Recognising and managing their emotions and learn about relations. Improved educational outcome. Training of staff Advice on how to develop and review behaviour policies. Speech and language therapists. They are employed by the local Primary Health Trust. They assess and treat speech, language and communication problem to allow children to communicate to the best of their ability. Children being able to communicate with others. Meeting their individual development needs. Improved language skills. Settling better in settings and will to learn. Improved education outcome. They are referred from the GP or concern from the setting. Therapy Educating parents and staff. Promoting speech and language development through songs and rhymes involving children and parents. Physiotherapists. They help children who have problems as a result of injuries to rehabilitate and increase their movement and coordination, illness or for medical reasons. When the children and young people are rehabilitated. Improved movement. Treatment Range of motion exercise Electrical stimulation Strengthening exercise Soft tissue movement. Psychologists They help and support children with social, emotional problem or learning difficulties. They offer advice and giving counseling to children and parents. Being able to enhance the childs learning and enabling practitioners to be more aware of the social factors affecting childrens learning. Improved education outcome. Counselling Training Health Visitors. They are health professionals who help, support and educate parents on the way of preventing diseases through immunizations, good child nutrition, minor illness and behavior issues. They advice parents on health and child development. They do home visits and sometimes, they can be found in the local medical centre at least once a week. They support parents to ensure that children are protected from illness and they achieve their developmental milestones. Improve education and life outcome for children and young people. Identifying mothers suffering from depression. Reduced post-natal depression. Medical advice Training Home visits Parental training Social workers They are employed by social services. They provide assistance and advice to children, young people and families with health need, housing issues, and poverty. They support young people living care and those facing difficulties of any kind. Keep families together by giving them support. Children from care fulfil their full potential. Families getting the help they need. Crisis intervention Anger management Stress management Relaxation training Mid wives They offer health support to parents expecting a child/ children. Parent has a successful pregnancy and birth. Reduce the number of women smoking during pregnancy. Increased breast feeding. Increased parental confidence. Training Antenatal care. Pre- and post natal care. Birth plans Training Breast feeding training. Play specialist They are employed by the local Primary Health Trust. They make observations and assessments through play with children in hospitals to identify their needs and fears while in hospital. The children get full recover and play freely without any problems. Assessments Introduction of play Voluntary agencies and services These include local and national services like NSPCC. They support and give advice to children, young people and their families experiencing threatening situations. The families feel safe, secure and protected. They have a peace of mind knowing that they can get support and advice if they experience ant threatening behaviour. Training Support and advice Special Educational Needs Coordinator (SENCO). Works in the setting They have the responsibility to organise identification and support for children with special education needs Being able identify that a child has special education needs and the child being able to get the help they need early on in time. Referrals to respective professionals Support Psychiatrist They are doctors trained medically. They specialise in mental health. They diagnose and support children and young people with mental health problems. When the child and young person get all the support and treatment the y need. When they are able to lead a normal life afterwards. Counselling Training Awareness Nurse specialist They give advice and support to children, young people and their families on how to manage chronic conditions. They also measure and assess childrens development. When families are able to handle and manage chronic conditions. When families are able to get help in time if there are any underlining problems with their childrens development. Training Raising awareness Measurements and assessment of children development. Young justice teams. They work with children and young people with anti social behaviour in the community. They work hand in hand with the social workers. When the children and young people get the support they need to be model citizens. Recognising and managing their emotions and learn about relationships. Improved social and emotional skills, attitudes, behaviour and academic performance. Target offending behaviour Thorough assessments of children and young peoples individual needs. Offer structured programmes. Offer programmes that can work that meet the families needs. Additional learning support teams They help children with specific educational needs within early years provisions, schools and out of school. Children get the support and education to achieve their development goals. Improved learning outcomes. Training Awareness Support Assistive technology Children and young peoples development can be supported by using a range of technology. A voice activated computer programme will assist children and young people with delayed fine motor skills with writing. Children and young people with difficulties walking may use the latest wheelchairs so as they are able to achieve their development goal and be more independent. Physiotherapists, speech and language therapists and sensory impairment support professionals have the responsibility to choose the right type of assistive technology for children and young people. http://www.ehow.co.uk/socialworkers (16.02.2013) http://www.physiotherapy.notes.com (16.02.2013) http;//www.surreycc.gov.uk/social-careand health (17.02.2013) http://www.nfer.ac.uk/nfer/publications (17.02.2013). Tassoni, P., Beith, K., Bulman, K., Griffin, S. (2010) Children and Young Peoples Workforce. Early Learning and childcare. Level 3 Diploma. Essex: Heinemann. Walker, M. (2011) Children and Young Peoples Workforce. Early Learning and Childcare. Level 3 Diploma. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes.